“É tão certo que o universo principiou no Big Bang, há cerca de 15 bilhões de anos, quanto é certo que a Terra orbita em torno do Sol.”
Esta afirmação segura sugere o nível de confiança que a teoria do Big Bang, proposta inicialmente por George Gamow e seus colegas, tem entre os que investigam essas questões.
- Entre Zero (Big Bang) e 10-45s: neste pequeno, porém importante período pouca coisa conhecemos, pois as leis da física, como as conhecemos, não valiam.
- No instante 10-43s: a temperatura do universo é cerca de 1023 K e o universo se expande rapidamente.
- Entre 10-43s e 10-35s: durante este período, as forças fortes, fracas e eletromagnéticas atuam como uma única força descrita pela Teoria da Grande Unificação. A gravitação atua separadamente, como nos dias de hoje.
- Entre 10-35s e 10-10s: a força forte se "congela" deixando a força eletrofraca continuar a atuar, como força unificada.
- Entre 10-10s e 10-5s: todas as quatro forças aparecem separadamente, como nos dias de hoje. O universo é constituído por uma "sopa" quente de quarks, léptons e fótons.
- Entre 10-5s e 3minutos: os quarks se unem para formar mésons e bárions. A matéria e a antimatéria se aniquilam, desaparecendo a antimatéria e deixando um ligeiro excesso de matéria com a qual se forma o nosso presente universo.
- Entre 3minutos e 105anos: os prótons e nêutrons se juntam para formar os nuclídeos leves, como o 4He, o 3He, o 2H e o 7Li, com as abundâncias que encontramos hoje. O universo é constituído por um plasma de núcleos e elétrons.
- Entre 105anos e hoje: no princípio deste período, os elétrons podiam orbitar em torno dos prótons, a fim de formar átomos de hidrogênio, sem serem imediatamente expulsos das órbitas pelos fótons presentes. A luz que foi emitida durante a formação desses átomos é a radiação de fundo em microondas que foi detectada por Penzias e Wilson em 1965. Então, a radiação libertada pelos átomos durante esses tempos antigos nos dá uma imagem de como era o universo quando tinha cerca de 105 anos de idade.
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